Bertillonage

Essential Question: What is Bertillonage? Should it be used today?

         Bertillonage is a process, or system, used for identifying criminals. This system was first used by Alphonso Bertillon, hence the name. Bertillon was an officer and bio-metrics researcher. The system used antropometric from the head, arm span, scars, notable physical features and pictures. I don't think the Bertillonage should be used today because people can put on make up and alter their features. They can also use makeup to cover birthmarks or scars. Arm span and the head change slightly over time, which may also mislead investigators. Fingerprints and blood tests are widely used today for confirming identities. They are a lot more accurate and can't really be faked/duplicated.

Human Stem Cell Research

Blog Topic Question: What is life? When does life begin? 

• According to biologists, life begins at fertilization. Fertilization happens when the sperm joins with the oocyte to form a zygote. 
• A zygote is a diploid cell that results from fusion of two haploid gametes. A zygote is also know as a fertilized ovum. Once the oocyte is fertilized , the zygote is known to be "living". It is considered living not due to having thought process, but due to the zygote having a chance at living. 
• There are two different types of scientific basis for understanding the types of cells. Biologists have to see what the organism is made up of. They would later see how the organism would behave. After the basis' are confirmed , the process continues. The complex structures, tissues and organ systems are considered to be the product of life depending on the zygote.

 Should we support Human Stem Cell Research?

• We should support human stem cell research.
• Stem cells are very important for the development of the fetus and advancement in the medical field. Stem cells also help to repair and replace broken/damaged cells. For now, stem cells are mainly used for research reasons by preventing diseases and making treatments.
• Stem cells are taken from aborted fetuses and fertilized eggs which makes it a controversial issue. In my opinion, we should support human stem cells because it helps to better our world in multiple ways. Why should we let something go to waste when we can recycle it and make it into something better.

Shannel's Multiple Intelligence Test

• I am musically intelligent just like Beethoven.

• According to the test, my second intelligence nature, also known as a naturalist.
• For my third intelligence, I got body movement.

• Beethoven was a great composer who wrote music even though he became deaf over time. Similar to Beethoven, I like to compose colorguard routines. I listen to music really loud that I might become deaf over time just like him.

• Dr. M. Phyllis Lose was one of the first female equine veterinarians. Just like Dr. M, Phyllis Lose, I have a soft spot for animals and love them very much.
• Peggy Twiggs was the first to change colorguard into the way it is today. She added movements and tosses instead of just holding them at angles. I am in Alhambra's Mighty Moors Marching Band and we have to focus a lot on body movement too.

• Musically intelligent people learn through sounds and beats. As of now, I am currently listening to music while doing this assignment. We can easily remember rhythms and whole songs. People may get annoyed with our constant humming and tapping of fingers on tables, but that's what keeps us focused! 

• Naturalists enjoy being out and about the outside world. We love to go out on hiking adventures and having a breather in a nice scenery. You can find us sitting right next to windows hoping they were open.
• People who excel in the body movement intelligence field usually dance and move around a lot. We most likely can't sit still for long. You would find them in a sport or dance. 

Bone Disease

Name of Bone Disease

Osteosarcoma

Symptoms

• History of pain in the affected area
• Pain is thought to be related to muscle soreness or "growing pains", but it does not go away with rests.
• Tumor weakens the bone so much it breaks. (Pathological fracture)

Prognosis

• High grade osteosarcoma in one location have a survival rate of about 70%.
• Survival rate is higher for patients with low grade tumors.
• Lower for those whose diseases have spread throughout their body.
• Lower for those whose tumors have poor response to chemotherapy.

Treatments

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy

Picture 

Reference

• http://sarcomahelp.org/osteosarcoma.html
• http://www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma/detailedguide/osteosarcoma-treating-general-info
• http://www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma/detailedguide/osteosarcoma-what-is-osteosarcoma3
• http://m2.wyanokecdn.com/79524f1607fed1d6d81401d7a58f9d3d.jpg

Bone Career

Name of career
Physical Therapist

Description of a typical day's work

• Diagnose and manage movement dysfunction and enhance physical and functional abilities.
• Restore, maintain, and promote not only optimal physical function but optimal wellness and fitness and optimal quality of life as it relates to movement and health.
• Prevent the onset, symptoms, and progression of impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities that may result from diseases, disorders, conditions, or injuries.

Training/ Education required
Doctoral or professional degree 

Average salary
$88,000 

Picture

Reference

• http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Physical_Therapist_(PT)/Salary
• http://www.apta.org/PTEducation/Overview/
• http://study.com/articles/Physical_Therapy_Required_Education_to_Be_a_Physical_Therapist.html
• http://www.physicaltherapyaide.org/the-job-of-a-physical-therapy-aide/

Tissue Career

Name of career

Tissue Engineering

Description of a typical day's work

• Design and manufacture tissues to replace failing or malfunctioning body parts.
• Work at the cellular and molecular levels with the combined use of biological and synthetic materials.
• Engineer replacement or regenerative tissues for people with heart, epidermal, lung, or other organ-related issues. 

Training/Education Needed

• Bachelor's degree in biology or related field for entry- level
• Master's or doctoral degree common

Average Salary

$86,220 annually for Biomedical engineers

Picture

Reference

• https://newsatjama.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/4-11-14-tissue-engineering.jpg
• https://www.google.com/search?q=tissue+engineering&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=974&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjR0Oa_w-rQAhVR9GMKHflhDxUQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=rUWc86xeYk7-pM%3A
• http://study.com/articles/Salary_and_Career_Information_for_Tissue_Engineering_Professionals.html

-

Tissue Disease

Name of disease 
Kindler Syndrome (Type of Epidermolysis Bullosa)


Symptoms

• Fluid-filled blisters on the skin, especially on the hands and feet due to friction

• Deformity or loss of fingernails and toenails

• Internal blistering, including on the vocal cords, esophagus and upper airway

• Skin thickening on the palms and the soles of the feet

• Scalp blistering, scarring and hair loss (scarring alopecia)

• Thin-appearing skin (atrophic scarring)

• Tiny white skin bumps or pimples (milia)

• Dental problems, such as tooth decay from poorly formed enamel

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

Prognosis
Life expectancy is normal.

Treatments
Esophageal strictures can be treated by balloon dilatation with fluoroscopic guidance.

Picture

Reference

• http://www.medicinenet.com/epidermolysis_bullosa_eb/article.htm 

• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermolysis-bullosa/basics/causes/con-20032497

• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1118967-overview

• http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=2908

Physiology Chapter 3 Question 15

Chapter 3 Question 15

Short Answer Essay Question: Why can an organ be permanently damaged if its cells are amitotic?



          An organ can be damaged if its cells are amitotic due to their inability to divide. Amitotic tissues are handicapped by injury because the cells that are lost through damage cannot be replaced by the same type of cells. The organ being unable to heal is extremely dangerous because it can lead to failure of  functioning and possibly, eventually death. For example, if a person repetitively gets heart attacks, the heart gets weaker and weaker each time. The heart cells cannot be replaced due to amitosis. 

Physiology Chapter 1 Question 4

Physiology Chapter 1 Question 4

Short Answer Essay Question: In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?

          In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, an organism requires a few more additional needs in order to survive. The human body have several factors called survival needs which include nutrients, oxygen, water and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure. The body needs nutrients for energy and cell building. Oxygen is used to release energy from foods.Without oxygen, nutrients would be of no use because the chemical reactions require oxygen. Oxygen is also about 20 percent of the air we breathe. Our body is made up of 60 to 80 percent of water. Water is also the base of bodily secretions and excretions. Other than that, body temperature must be maintained around 37 degrees Celsius. Most body heat is generated bt the activity of the skeletal muscles. Atmospheric pressure also plays a role in our body due to how we can carry our weight Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. Lastly,everything must be present in appropriate amounts because too much or too less of anything is life threatening. 

Physiology Chapter 3 Question 7

Chapter 3 Question 7

Short Answer Essay Question: Name the cellular organelles, and explain the function of each.

• Plasma membrane - defining the limits of the cell, "baggie"
• Nucleoli - sites where ribosomes are assembled 
• Cytoplasm - site of most cellular activities, "factory area"
• Mitochondria - supplies most of the ATP, "powerhouses" of the cell
• Ribosomes - actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum - serves as a mini-circulatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from one part of the cell to another
• Golgi Apparatus - modify and package proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination (sent by the rough ER via transport vesicles)
• Lysosomes - membranous "bags" containing powerful digestive enzymes. (breakdown bodies)
• Peroxisomes - "disarm" dangerous free radicals
• Cytoskeleton - acts as a cell's "bones and muscles" by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provide the machinery needed for intracelllular transport and various types of cellular movements. 
• Centrioles -  direct the formation of the mitotic spindle

          

Physiology Chapter 3 Question 1

Chapter 3 Question 3 

Short Answer Essay Question: Although cells have differences that reflect their special functions in the body, what functional abilities do all cells exhibit?

          Although all cells have different functions, they all exhibit a few functions in order to survive. All cells exhibit the ability to grow, move, metabolize, intake food and transform it into energy, dispose of wastes, and respond to stimulus. Without all these abilities, a cell would not be able to perform what they are supposed to do and we would not be alive.

Physiology Chapter 1 Question 6

Chapter 1 Question 6

Short Answer Essay Question: What is the consequence of loss of homeostasis, or homeostatic imbalance?

          Homeostasis describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. Homeostasis is so important that most diseases can be regarded as a result of its disturbance, a condition know as homeostatic imbalance. As we age, body organs start to deplete, and "our internal conditions become less and less stable." This makes us easily prone to illness. If our homeostasis is completely thrown off, we could very easily die due to our bodies having to stay in the state of equilibrium.